Ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke nakwezimboni ezingenakubalwa, sizungezwe njalo imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngensimbi noma i-aluminium. Kusuka kuma-skyscrapers apholile abumba amadolobha ethu ezimotweni esizishayela kanye namathini aphethe iziphuzo zethu eziyizintandokazi, lezi zinto ezimbili zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokukhetha phakathi kwensimbi ne-aluminium yohlelo oluthile, isinqumo singase siqonde ngqo. Ake siqale ukubheka okuningiliziwe ukuthola ukuthi iyiphi okungenzeka ukuthi ilunge kangcono ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene.
Insimbi ne-aluminium: Isingeniso
Insimbi
Insimbi iyi-alloy eyakhiwe ngensimbi nekhabhoni. Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, ngokujwayelekile kusuka ku-0,2% kuya ku-2.1% ngesisindo, kuthonya kakhulu izakhiwo zayo.Kunezinhlobo eziningi zensimbi. I-Carbon, ngokwesibonelo, yaziwa ngamandla ayo nokutholakala kwemali. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni nasekukhiqizweni. Insimbi ye-Alloy, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inezinto ezingeziwe ezifana nababane, i-chromium, noma i-nickel ingezwe ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo ezithile ezifana nobulukhuni, ukuqina, noma ukumelana nokugqwala. Cabanga nge-robust I - imishayo esetshenziswa ekwakheni ukwakhiwa noma izitsha eziqinile ezingenasici ekhishini lakho - yizo zonke imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yensimbi.
Aluminiyamu
I-Aluminium iyinsimbi engasindi eliningi eligcwele kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Imvamisa kutholakala ku-Bauxite Ore futhi idinga inani elibalulekile lamandla okukhipha.I-Aluminium ngefomu layo elihlanzekile ithambile, kepha lapho igcwala izakhi ezinjengethusi, i-magnesium, noma i-zinc, iba namandla kakhulu. Ama-alloys ajwayelekile we-aluminium afaka ama-6061, asetshenziswa kabanzi ngokujwayelekile - izinhlelo zenhloso ezifana nezindawo ezinezimoto kanye nama-7075, ezaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu futhi asetshenziswa kaningi ezingxenyeni ze-aerospace. Bheka nxazonke, futhi uzobona i-aluminium ezintweni zansuku zonke njengeziphuzo amathini wesiphuzo, ozimele wewindows, futhi ngisho nasekuphakameni ngokwe-elekthronikhi.
Izici Zomzimba zibonisa
Incekusana
Enye yokwehluka okumangazayo kakhulu phakathi kwensimbi ne-aluminium kungubuntu babo. I-Steel imvamisa inobude bezindawo ezizungeze ama-7.85 amagremu nge-cubic centimeter ngayinye. Ngokuphambene, ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-aluminium cishe amagremu angu-2.7 ngesentimitha kakhudlwana. Lo mehluko omkhulu wenza i-aluminium lilula kakhulu. Embonini yezindiza, ngokwesibonelo, wonke amakhilogremu wokuncishiswa kwesisindo angaholela emalini kaphethiloli enkulu phezu kwempilo yendiza. Kungakho i-aluminium iyona ebonakalayo yokukhetha yokwakha imizimba yezindiza namaphiko. Kodwa-ke, kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho isisindo akusona ukukhathazeka, futhi ukuqina ngenxa yesisindo kuyadingeka, njengakwezinye izinhlobo zemishini yezimboni noma izisekelo zezakhiwo ezinkulu, ukuqina kwensimbi ephezulu kungaba yinzuzo.
Izithukuthuku
Insimbi idume ngamandla ayo aphezulu. I-High - I-Carbon Steel nama-Alloy Steel angafinyelela amandla aphezulu kakhulu ashubile, okwenza balungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ubuqotho bezinhlekelele ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo lubalulekile. Isibonelo, amabhuloho okumiswa athi ama-span amanzi amaningi ancike kumakhebuli ensimbi kanye nemishayo ukumelana nesisindo samathrafikhi kanye namabutho ezemvelo. Nokho, ama-alloys we-aluminium, nawo enza izinyathelo ezinkulu ngamandla. Okunye okuphezulu - ama-Aluminium Alloys, afana nalawo asetshenziswa e-aerospace, angetha amandla - ukukala isisindo sensimbi ethile. Embonini yezimoto, i-aluminium iya ngokuya isetshenziswa ezinhlakeni zomzimba ukunciphisa isisindo ngenkathi usagcina amazinga okuphepha, njengoba intuthuko ebukhwini be-alley selithuthukise izakhiwo zalo.
Ukubangelanisa
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuqhutshwa ngogesi nokwe-thermal, i-aluminium autshines yensimbi. I-Aluminium ingumqhubi omuhle kakhulu we-Electricity, yingakho isetshenziswa kakhulu emigqeni yokuhambisa amandla. Inikeza ibhalansi enhle phakathi kokuqhutshwa nezindleko, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nabaqhubi ababizayo njengethusi. Ngokuya ngokuvuselelwa okushisayo, amandla e-aluminium okudlulisa ukushisa ngokushesha kwenze kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kokushisa okushisayo kumadivayisi kagesi. Isibonelo, amaphiko apholile kwi-CPU yekhompyutha avame ukwenziwa nge-aluminium alloy ekushiseni kahle futhi avikele ukushisa ngokweqile. Insimbi, kuyilapho ingaqhuba ugesi nokushisa, ingabe kunjalo ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu, okwenza kungalungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kusebenza khona khona.
Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali: Ukubukeka okusondele
Ukumelana nokugqwala
Insimbi inesithende se-achilles uma kukhulunywa ngokugqwala. Ekhoneni lika-oksijini kanye nomswakama, insimbi ithola i-oxidation, yakha ukugqwala. Lokhu kunganciphisa ukwakheka kwesikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukulwa nalokhu, kuqashwa izindlela zokuvikela ezahlukahlukene, njengokupenda, i-galvaning (coapang nge-zinc), noma ukusebenzisa insimbi engenacala, okuqukethe i-chromium eyakha isendlalelo se-axide oximi. I-Aluminium, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inenzuzo yemvelo. Lapho kuvezwa emoyeni, kwakha ungqimba oluncane, oluminyene lwe-oxide ebusweni bawo. Le nhlangano isebenza njengesithiyo, ivimbela ezinye i-oxidation kanye nokugqwala. Lokhu kwenza i-aluminium ilungele kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza zangaphandle, ezifana nasezindaweni ezisogwini lapho umoya onosawoti ungawonaka kakhulu. Isibonelo, uthango lwe-aluminium kanye nefenisha yangaphandle kungakwazi ukubekezelela iminyaka yokuchayeka ezintweni ngaphandle kokonakalisa okubalulekile.
Ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali
I-Aluminium iyinsimbi esebenzayo. Kwezinye izimo, kungasabela ngamandla, ikakhulukazi ngama-acid. Kodwa-ke, isendlalelo esivikela i-oxide eyakha ebusweni bayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zivimbela kakhulu ukusabela. Kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni, ukusebenziseka kabusha kwe-aluminium kungahlanganiswa. Isibonelo, ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali athile, i-aluminium ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti eyengeziwe. Insimbi, uma uyiqhathanisa, ingasebenzi kangako ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Kepha ekushiseni okuphezulu - okushisa noma okuphezulu kakhulu acidic / ayisisekelo, kungabhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali okungathinta ubuqotho bayo. Isibonelo, kwezinye izitshalo zamakhemikhali, amamaki akhethekile ensimbi adingekayo ukumelana nemiphumela yokulima amakhemikhali anokhahlo.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokusebenza kokusebenza
Kwakha futhi kucubungulwa
Insimbi ihlinzeka ngezinketho eziningi zokwakha. Ukwenza kuyindlela ejwayelekile lapho insimbi ifudunyezwa khona futhi yakhiwe ngokusebenzisa amabutho acindezelayo.Lokhu kulungele ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziqinile neziyinkimbinkimbi, njenge-crankshaft ezinjini. I-Rolling kungenye inqubo lapho insimbi idluliswa ngama-roller ukukhiqiza amashidi, amapuleti, noma amaphrofayili ahlukahlukene. Imboni yezimoto ivame ukusebenzisa ukunyathela, uhlobo lwenqubo eyakha amakhaza, ukudala amaphaneli omzimba wemoto kumashidi ensimbi. I-Aluminium nayo ingenakuqhathaniswa kakhulu futhi ingakhiwa kalula. Ukukhishwa kuyinqubo ethandwayo ye-aluminium, lapho insimbi iphoqelelwa khona ngokufa ukuze idale amajamo amade futhi afanayo. Le yindlela ozimele bewindows ye-Aluminium bekhiqizwa ngayo. Ukufa okufa kusetshenziswe kabanzi ku-aluminium, okwenza ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezibucayi nezinemininingwane, njengamabhlogo enjini ezimotweni eziningi zesimanje.
Ukusebenza kwe-welding
Insimbi ye-welding ingaba inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zensimbi zifuna amasu athile we-welding kanye nezinto zokwenziwa. Isibonelo, i-carbon yensimbi ingafakwa i-weldes kusetshenziswa izindlela ezifana ne-arc welding, kepha izinyathelo zokuqapha kufanele zithathwe ukuvikela izinkinga ezinjenge-hydrogen ukufowa kwe-hydrogen, ezinganciphisa i-weldged Joint. Ngenxa yezinto zayo ezabekayo, ngensimbi engenasici kungadinga ama-electrodes akhethekile ukuqinisekisa i-weld eqinile futhi engamelana nokugqwala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-aluminium welding iveza ubunzima bayo uqobo. I-Aluminium inokuphamba okuphezulu okushisayo, okusho ukuthi iqeda ukushisa ngokushesha ngesikhathi senqubo yokufaka i-welding. Lokhu kudinga okokufaka okuphezulu kokushisa kanye nemishini ekhethekile yokufaka i-welding, efana neTungsten inert gas (tig) i-welding noma insimbi inert igesi (mig) welding. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungqimba we-oxide e-aluminium kudingeka asuswe ngaphambi kokushiswa ukuze aqinisekise isibopho esifanele.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindleko
Izindleko ezibonakalayo ezingavuthiwe
Izindleko zensimbi zizinzile. I-Iron Ore, izinto eziphambili ezingavuthiwe zokukhiqizwa kwensimbi, ziningi ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Izindleko zokumbiwa phansi nokucubungula i-iron ore, kanye nenqubo elula yokuguqula ibe yinsimbi, inomthelela ekukhokheni kwayo. Kodwa-ke, i-aluminium inenqubo yokukhiqiza eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enamandla kakhulu. I-Bauxite Ore idinga ukushintshwa e-Alumina, bese kuthi i-electrolysis isetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-aluminium ehlanzekile. Lesi sidingo esiphakeme samandla, kanye nezindleko zezimayini kanye ne-bauxite ye-bauxite, ngokuvamile zenza izindleko ezibonakalayo ezisetshenziswayo ze-aluminium ziphakeme kunensimbi.
Ukucubungula izindleko
Izinqubo zensimbi ezisungulwe kahle futhi ezibanzi zensimbi zisho ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, izindleko zokucubungula zingaphansi, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi noma imishini enokunemba okuphezulu iyadingeka, izindleko zingakhuphuka kakhulu. Kwezinye izici, ukucubungula i-aluminium kungabiza kakhulu. Yize kulula ukwakha bobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi, isidingo semishini ekhethekile yezinqubo ezinjengezinqubo kanye nezinselelo ze-welding zingashayela izindleko. Isibonelo, ukusetha umugqa wokukhishwa kwe-aluminium kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwemishini nakumathuluzi.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwezindleko Zonke
Lapho ucubungula izindleko zizonke, akunjalo nje mayelana nezindleko ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kanye nezindleko zokucubungula. Izidingo zokuphila kanye nesondlo zomkhiqizo wokugcina nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Isibonelo, isakhiwo sensimbi singadinga ukupenda okujwayelekile nokulungiswa ukuvikela ukubhujiswa, okunezela izindleko zesikhathi eside. Isakhiwo se-aluminium, ngokumelana kwaso kokugqwala okungcono, singaba nezindleko eziphansi zokulungiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, njengokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esikhulu sezimboni, izindleko eziphansi eziluhlaza kanye nezindleko zensimbi zingasenza zibize kakhulu. Kwezinye izimo, njengokukhiqizwa kwe-elekthronikhi yabathengi ephezulu, lapho izindawo ezingaviki ezingasindi futhi zokugqwala ze-aluminium zivumela izindleko eziphakeme, i-aluminium ingaba yikhethelo elikhethwayo.
Izicelo ezahlukahlukene
Inkambu yokwakha
Embonini yezokwakha, insimbi iyinto ebalulekile. Amandla ayo aphezulu kanye namandla athwala umthwalo enza kubalulekile ekwakheni amafreyimu wama-skyscrapers kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zentengiso. Imishayo yensimbi namakholomu kungasekela inani elikhulu lesisindo, okuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlaka ezinde nezivulekile. Amabhuloho ancike kakhulu ngensimbi. Amabhuloho okumiswa, anezikhathi zawo ezinde, asebenzise izintambo zensimbi kanye ne-trusses ukusabalalisa umthwalo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-aluminium ivame ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezingasindi. I-Aluminium Windows Neminyango iyathandwa ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo kwanamuhla, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokuphikiswa kokugqwala. Izindonga ze-Aluminium Curtain zinganikeza izakhiwo ukubukeka okuhle nokumanje ngenkathi silula, kunciphisa umthwalo esakhiweni sokwakha.
Imboni yezimoto
Kudala kube yinto evelele embonini yezimoto. Isetshenziswa ku-chassis, ozimele zomzimba, kanye nezinto eziningi zemishini ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu, okubalulekile ukuphepha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imboni iqhubekela phambili ezimotweni ezisebenza ngophethiloli ezisebenza kahle, i-aluminium iya ngokuya isetshenziswa kabanzi. I-Aluminium isetshenziswa emabhulokhi enjini, okunciphisa isisindo senjini futhi, futhi, ithuthukisa umnotho kaphethiloli. Kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa kumaphaneli omzimba ukunciphisa isisindo semoto yonke ngaphandle kokudela ukuphepha, njengoba ama-alluminium anamuhla anganikeza amandla adingekayo.
Insimu ye-aerospace
Kudala kube yinto evelele embonini yezimoto. Isetshenziswa ku-chassis, ozimele zomzimba, kanye nezinto eziningi zemishini ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu, okubalulekile ukuphepha. Kodwa-ke, njengoba imboni iqhubekela phambili ezimotweni ezisebenza ngophethiloli ezisebenza kahle, i-aluminium iya ngokuya isetshenziswa kabanzi. I-Aluminium isetshenziswa emabhulokhi enjini, okunciphisa isisindo senjini futhi, futhi, ithuthukisa umnotho kaphethiloli. Kuya ngokuya kusetshenziswa kumaphaneli omzimba ukunciphisa isisindo semoto yonke ngaphandle kokudela ukuphepha, njengoba ama-alluminium anamuhla anganikeza amandla adingekayo.
Inkambu yemikhiqizo yansuku zonke
Ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, sivame ukufeza imikhiqizo yensimbi nase-aluminium. Insimbi isetshenziswa kakhulu emivests yasekhishini, lapho ubunzima bakhona kanye nezakhiwo zokugcina umkhawulo zaziswa kakhulu. Ifenisha eyenziwe ngensimbi, njengezihlalo zensimbi namatafula, ingaba zombili ziqinile futhi ziyimfashini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-aluminium ingatholakala ezintweni ezinjenge-cookware engasindi, efudumeza ngokushesha nangokulinganayo. Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi, njengama-laptops namathebulethi, avame ukuba namacala we-aluminium ngenxa yokubukeka kwawo okubukekayo, ukwakheka okungasindi, kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokuhlanza ukushisa.
Ukwenza Ukukhetha Okufanele
Ukukhetha ngokuya ngezidingo zokusebenza
Uma udinga impahla enamandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo esithwala umthwalo, i-steel kungenzeka inketho engcono. Isibonelo, esitolo esikhulu sezimboni lapho imishini esindayo izogcinwa khona, imishini yensimbi inganikeza ukwesekwa okudingekayo. Kodwa-ke, uma ukuncishiswa kwesisindo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu, njengasedivayisini ye-elekhtroniki ephathekayo noma imoto yokujaha, ukuqina okuphansi kwe-aluminium kwenza kube ukukhetha okufanele. Uma kukhulunywa ngokuqhutshwa, uma usebenza ngohlelo lokusebenza lukagesi noma lwe-aluminil, i-aluminium kufanele ibe ukucatshangelwa kwakho kokuqala.
Ukukhetha ngokuya ngesabelomali sezindleko
Kumaphrojekthi anesabelomali esilinganiselwe, i-Steel kungenzeka ibe yikhetho lezomnotho ngokwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ngokubheka izindleko zalo eziphansi eziphansi eziphansi nezindleko eziphansi zokucubungula zokwakheka okulula. Kodwa-ke, uma ukwazi ukukhokhela izindleko eziphezulu eziphambili futhi ufuna ukonga isikhathi eside ngokuya ngokulungiswa nokusebenza, i-aluminium ingaba yimali efanelekile. Isibonelo, endaweni yasogwini lapho ukugcwala kuyinkinga enkulu, isakhiwo se-aluminium singase sibize kakhulu ekuqaleni kepha sizokonga imali ngesikhathi eside ngenxa yokumelana nokuqina kwalo okuphezulu.
Ukukhetha ngokuya ngezimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Kuzicelo zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokhahlo, ukumelana nokugqwala kuka-aluminium kunikeza inzuzo. Isibonelo, izibonakaliso zangaphandle noma izigxobo ezikhanyayo ezenziwe nge-aluminium zizohlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokugqwala. Ezimweni eziphansi zezimboni zokushisa kwezimboni, ezifana nasezitholile zensimbi noma i-boiler yesitshalo samandla, amandla wensimbi wokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu enza lokho okuthandayo.
Ekuphetheni, umbuzo oneminyaka yobudala yokuthi ngabe insimbi noma i-aluminium ingcono ayinayo impendulo yendawo yonke. Zombili lezi zinto zinesethi yazo eyingqayizivele yezakhiwo, izinzuzo, kanye nobunzima. Ngokucabanga ngokucophelela izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi yakho, noma ngabe ukusebenza, izindleko, noma izinto eziqondene nohlelo lokusebenza, ungenza isinqumo esinolwazi. Singathanda ukuzwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho ekukhetheni phakathi kwensimbi ne-aluminium. Sicela wabelane ngemicabango yakho kumazwana angezansi!
Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-17-2025
